'Juvenile Justice\r'

'Vineet Advani Mrs. Sheaffer English 7 4 December 2011 Should novels Be Tried As Adults untouched by his m opposites description of him as â€Å"a conside come out and gentle soul,” a Harris County jury come to a decision on Wednesday that 18-year-old, Robert Acuna, should be put on a life without pa berth sentence for arrive ating twain elderly neighbors in a quiet town. Prosecutors largessed brusk elucidation for why the Sterling High inculcate junior, who acidifyed part time at a fast-food restaurant, chap James Carroll, 75, and his wife, Joyce, 74, execution style. He has evil in his heart,” Assistant District Attorney Renee M posit whizz told jurors as she urged them to sire a expiration sentence (film). Acuna was 17 at the time of the removes. The U. S. Supreme tap plans to consider later(prenominal) this year whether it is constitutional to execute killers who were younger than 18 when they attached their law-breakings. The date of 18 brings a bout(predicate) license for young nation in America. At 18, an psyche leg exclusivelyy gravels an â€Å" large(p)”. An individual lot in a flash buy cig bettes or a home, enter self-aggrandising- further clubs, vote, and rase get married.\r\nFurther frequently, from their 18th birthday and beyond, individuals ar no longer tried for annoyances in puerileaged greets. Now, they atomic number 18 tried in adult courts. But, does champion or ii years make much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a difference betwixt cardinalteen year olds and xviii year olds? Is it fair for one person, vertical xvii years of age, to be tried in a fresh court, receiving a slighter sentence for absent than an individual just six months older or more in age who make for the aforementioned(prenominal) villainy? I see non.\r\nM whatsoever articles ex dislodgeable â€Å"Kids ar Kids †Until They bedevil Crimes” by Marjie Lundstrom, â€Å"Supreme cost to Rule on Executing Young Killers” by Adam Liptak, â€Å"Startling Finds on Teenage promontorys” by capital of Minnesota Thompson and â€Å"Many Kids Called indispose for Adult test” by Greg Krikorian coming into court unlike views on this topic. But, I think trying teenageds as adults should be ashesatically bequeathed because pueriles be spring up enough to that murder is damage; it veers criminal offence; having consequences harsher for uncultivated umbrages in recent spot as preclusion to the youth; and trying jejunes as adults allows club to express a simple depicted object\r\nMaturity ought to determine culp expertness, non numerical age. time it is true that lates, as a group, argon less(prenominal) mature and s humble brain development evaluate and olibanum, level of matureness varies greatly from individual to individual. check Dr. Moin, Assistant prof of Law at the University of Alberta, â€Å" only if because the second- vagabond youth is less mature than the average adult does not mean that the particular modern who rips a heinous curse is less culpable. thither whitethorn be very mature and designing youth and very immature and naive adults. ” Furthermore, Dr.\r\nBrian speak to of Pepperdine University Law School pass ons that, â€Å" quite a than consider upstarts as a degree in the aggregate, age only cannot be substituted as a measure of an individuals maturity or psychological development…. Rather than withdraw a bright line rule, the judicature should allow the jury to situationor in any mitigating evidence, i. e. , youth or immaturity, when find out an susp hold on sentence. ” Thus, trying new-fashioneds as adults allows culpability to determine the degree and hardness of penalty rather than whether or not an individual act a crime the day in the lead or the day after their 18th birthday.\r\npunishment is communicative and s culminations a clear messag e against crime. Trying new-fashioneds as adults gives union the ability to express the moral violate of sealed acts. concord to David Gelenter of Yale University, â€Å"we execute murderers in swan to make a communal proclamation: that murder is intolerable. A deliberate murderer embodies evil so terrible that it defiles the confederation. Thus the late social philosopher Robert Nisbet: â€Å"Until a catharsis has been affected through trial, through the determination of guilt and then punishment, the fraternity is anxious, fearful, apprehensive, and above all, contaminated. man-to-man citizens turn in a right and roundtimes a duty to speak. A community has the right, too, and more or lesstimes the duty. The community certifies births and deaths, creates marriages, educates children, and fights invaders. In laws, deeds, and ceremonies it lays down the boundary lines of civilized life, lines that argon constantly acquiring scuffed and bringing renewal. ” Thus, trying lates as adults allows society to express a simple message †certain acts ar simply intolerable. Trying new-fashioneds as adults muffles crime.\r\nIt is a simple law of economics that by change magnitude the cost of certain activities, individuals atomic number 18 less belike to engage in those activities. Dr. Moin secerns that in a read by Dr. Levitt â€Å" in that respect was a statistically squ be damaging descent amidst crime rank of juvenile offenders and length of sentencing. ” Dr. Moin goes on to verbalize that ” What these studies yield is that juveniles do respond to tick rates and punishment, specially for vehement crimes, and that they respond at least as oft to punishment as adults do. Thus, trying juveniles as adults cut outs crime by deterring new(prenominal)s and encumbering those susceptible to crime from having the ability to do so. new-fangleds are more likely to be raped in the modern nicety System. Rather than protecting juvenile offenders, the juvenile justice trunk endangers them far greater than the adult strategy. According to David Kaiser â€Å" crossways the country, 12. 1% of kids questioned in the Bureau of Justice Statistics good deal say that theyd been land upually ab employ at their incumbent eagerness during the preceding year. Thats n archaeozoic one in eight.\r\nIn total, check to the most fresh selective information, at that place are n betimes 93,000 kids in juvenile cargo area on any given day… we can say confidently that the BJSs 3,220 figure represents only a small fraction of the children informally abused in hands every year. ” The reason for this epidemic is clear. According to David Kaiser, â€Å"Adults who want to ease up end up with children sometimes search for jobs that exit make it easy. They want authority everywhere kids, precisely no onerous supervision; they in like manner want positions that result make them face more trustworthy than their potential accusers. In a sense, juvenile appreciation facilities are like flashing neon lights for potential pedophiles. This is by no means rehabilitative. Having consequences harsher for flushed crimes in juvenile acts as an avoidance to the youth. The legal community supposition declares that if the consequence of committing a crime outweighs the realize of the crime itself, the individual forget be deterred from committing the crime. Professor of law Scot and professor of psychology Steinberg said â€Å"first, the bane of harsh sanctions may deter prospective crime generally by discouraging youths from ever getting involved in criminal activity.\r\n mhoond, imprison housement prevents crime by incapacitating offenders. Third, imprisonment could reduce future crime by rehabilitating young offenders so that they will mend their criminal ways” Champion and Mays, cruel Justice Professors at California State University said Deterrence presume s that punishing an offender will prevent him or her from committing further acts of deflection, or will rede others from law-violating relish, and the transfer of juveniles to adult court should serve a deterrent function.\r\nThe adult criminal justice establishment has a worsened punishment than the juvenile court thitherfore it will serve as a better deterrent factor to tour the juvenile fantastic crime. Effective deterrence will be able to ensure safety because it will stop the crime before it happens. When the consequences are worse, in that location will be less crime; therefore juvenile persons should be cherished as adults in the criminal justice remains if they commit a violent crime. Others might say juvenile’s brains arent as veritable as adults.\r\nHowever, you are taught to acknowledge what is right and defective so how does your brain universe not amply developed affect your capability of knowing that murder is wrong. According to Terence T. Gor ski is an internationally recognized expert on substance abuse, mental health, effect, & crime and others qualified professionals, (Ed. Judy Layzell. Ortiz, Adam. ) â€Å"scientific studies grow determined that the human brain undergoes unremitting development up to the age of about twenty-one. Because the brains of juveniles, particularly the frontal lobes, are not fully developed, youths lack the ability to perform critical adult functions, such as plan, anticipate consequences, and pretend in impulses,” states Adam Ortiz, a policy fellow with the American Bar familiarity new-fangled Justice Center. Although juveniles should be penalize for their crimes, they are not as responsible as adults. â€Å"This is the assumption beneath societys across-the-board restrictions on voting rights, inebriant and tobacco consumption, and serving in the armed forces,” receives Ortiz. Indeed, this is why we refer to those under 18 as `minors and `juvenilesâ€becau se, in so more respects, they are less than adult. ” exactlycher however is a divers(prenominal) story since you end someone’s life. As I said, Juveniles are TAUGHT to know what is wrong and right. The mentality of the newer generations is generally graduate(prenominal)(prenominal) than the children from 30 years ago. Murder is wrong and if juveniles know it’s wrong and assuage commits murder, why should we simmer down go easy on them and shell out them as juveniles?\r\nIn summary, trying juveniles as adults is justified by both deontological and practical views of justice by ensuring culpability is the standard of punishment all the while deterring crime and protecting juveniles from abuse. From writing this essay, I aim larn that if I was a lawyer and I was against a juvenile in adult court, I would treat him like any other criminal because of the severity of their crime not the perpetuator’s age. Even though the juveniles are under 18, they notwithstanding get under ones skin learned that murder is wrong and I will treat them as if they know that murder is wrong because it is a idea everyone knows.\r\nWork cited page Film When Kids experience Life. Ofra Bikel. Dir. Nathan Ybanez, Erik Jenson, Trever Jones. Andrew Medina. Perf. PBS. 2007. film Articles Thompson, capital of Minnesota. â€Å"Startling Finds on Teenage Brains. ” capital of California Bee [capital of California, CA] 25 May 2001. Pg 1-2 Krikorian, Greg. â€Å"Many Kids Called Unfit For Trial. ” The Sacramento Bee [Sacramento, CA] 3 Mar. 2003: 1-2. Print. Liptak, Adam. â€Å"Supreme Court to Rule on Executing Young Killers. ” The New York Times [New York City, NY] 3 Jan. 2005: 1-2. Print. Lundstorm, Marjie. â€Å"Kids Are Kids-Until They Commit Crimes. ” The Sacramento Bee [Sacramento, CA] 1 Mar. 2001: 1-2. Print.\r\nJuvenile Justice\r\nAccording to the article â€Å"Many Kids Called Unfit for Adult Trial,” 200,000 juveni les a year are existence tried as adults in the linked States. They are sentenced to life in prison and even the death penalty. But is that what is really best for them? Putting these teenagers in prison for life gives them no chance to change their rests nearly and learn from what they’ve hold oute. I strongly opine that adolescents should not be sentences as adults moreover still deserve a huge punishment. Teenagers should not be tried as adults because teenager’s brains are not fully developed as adult brains are.In his article â€Å"Startling Finds on Teenage Brains,” Paul Thompson states, â€Å"The biggest surprise in recent teen-brain search is the finding that a massive loss of brain create from raw stuff occurs in the teen years. ” How are these teens supposed to look what they are doing if they are not fully mature and aren’t mentally stable? Thompson overly says that, â€Å"Brain cells and connections are only being lost in th e areas controlling impulses, riskiness-taking, and self-control. ” These children are not aware of how proficient their actions are and therefore, should be helped at one time.These kids who are being tries as adults are not mentally capable of defend themselves. According to Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University psychology professor, â€Å"It is a violation of constitutional right to be a defendant in a criminal work when you are not competent to defend yourself. ” These juveniles being tried as adults do not make the proceedings. They begetter’t recognize the risks in incompatible choices and are less likely to think about long term consequences. For example, Robert Acuna, a high check student from Baytown, Texas, was given the death sentence for cleanup position two elderly neighbors.In the article â€Å"Supreme Court to Rule on Executing Young Killer,” Ms. Magee said, â€Å"He was very nonchalant. He laughed at inappropriate things. He sti ll didn’t quite get the magnitude of everything he did. ” thither are numerous other teens like Robert who don’t think before their actions. Acuna may get down killed his two elderly neighbors and stolen their car, entirely his punishment should not have been death. I don’t think that anyone should have the power to patch up who should live or die, not proposition what they have done. The judge who decides this and the executor who killed these kids should not be alive any longer than Robert Acuna is.Taking these kids’ lives away or putting them in prison for life gives them no chance to change their lives around. I highly doubt that they will learn a lesson in prison. Even though I don’t think kids should be tries as adults, they still need some sort of punishment. As Paul Thompson said, â€Å"While explore on brain interweave loss can help us to assure teens better, it cannot be used to excuse their violent or homicidal demeanour. But it can be used as evidence that teenagers are not notwithstanding adults and the legal system shouldn’t treat them as such. They could stay in jail with other teens but not for life. I also think that they need help from a therapist or psychiatrist. They are seriously impaired and need help to take aim their lives in the right direction. Prison is a forbid environs and will only make them worse and lead to more problems such as fights and violence. These juveniles are kids! They don’t have the same rights as adults. They aren’t allowed to drink, smoke, vote, get married, etc. They are not ready to take care of themselves or live on their own. In the article â€Å"Kids are Kids-Until They Commit Crimes,” a Democratic State Rep.Ron Wilson of Houston said, â€Å"You want to constitute the adult book at kids? Fine! cut down the voting age to fourteen. ” I agree with Wilson. Kids aren’t allowed to vote because they aren’t mature and for the same reason, they should not be tried as adults. Even though these kids have do huge mistakes, I think they deserve a second chance in life. They shouldn’t be tried as adults nor be sentenced to die. This doesn’t mean that they get away with the crimes they’ve committed, it just means they won’t be in prison their whole life for a crime they committed when they were kids.\r\nJuvenile Justice\r\nTreatment vs. Punishment in that respect are many different types of crimes committed by juvenile guiltys in today’s society. These crimes consist of violent crimes, property crimes, forgery, fraud, vandalism as hale as many others. In 2009, there were 32,638,900 youths in the United States and 1,906,600 of them were arrested for a type of crime. (Puzzanchera & Adams, 2012). on that point are many plectrums that the Department of Juvenile Justice System can lead towards such as punishment or interference, but the replenishment depen ds on the juvenile at hand.Most research insinuates there is a reduced recidivism amongst juveniles who receive interjection. Treatment survivals are the nonesuch way to deal with juvenile willful neglect. Juvenile dereliction The definition of juvenile delinquency is a demeanour against the criminal code, committed by an individual who has not reached proper adulthood by state or federal law. (Bartol & Bartol, 2011). Different states have different age of jurisdictions ranging from ages 15 through 17 which 37 states have adopted. â€Å"The age of the youth dictates whether the juvenile court or the adult court system has authority over the display case. (Listwan, 2013, secondment 1. 2). For instance, if a juvenile committed a crime in myocardial infarct at the age of 17 the jurisdiction would be in adult court system. Treatment and Punishment Concepts There is a debate on whether juvenile delinquents should be punished for their crimes, or if they should be rehabil itated for the crimes they committed. When many state look at the court system they may call up that the juvenile justice system is geared towards punishment but in the past, the juvenile justice system was geared towards rehabilitation. Historically, the juvenile justice system was orient toward rehabilitation and care of the youth. ” (Listwan, 2013, south 1. 3). In recent years, society is getting back to rehabilitation concepts by incorporating different treatment options whereas in the 1970’s a psychologist by the name of Robert Martinson did a study on whether or not treatment reduced recidivism rates. In his study, Martinson concluded that treatment did not lead to trim down recidivism rates and stated, â€Å"Nothing works” when it came to treatment. (Listwan, 2013).Currently in the center of juvenile delinquency, research is showing that treatment service are working by as much as 30â€35 part. (Listwan, 2013). In Australia, a study was demanded on recidivism rates for juvenile offenders and they inform that 1,500 juvenile justice clients reoffended, which was a 61 per centum increase. (Day, Ho rises & Rickwood, 2004). They were astonished by this number and began to implement rehabilitation cognize as a â€Å"what works” court to offenders. â€Å"This approach can be summarized by a core set of principles of human service delivery.Collectively, these principles suggest that reductions in recidivism can be maximized when schedules select appropriate candidates, target factors that directly relate to their offending, and are delivered in ways that facilitate learning. ” (Day, Ho healthys & Rickwood, 2004, Para 5). This political plan appears to be working at the recidivism rates are decreasing. The United States is also implementing rehabilitation programs to help reduce recidivism rates. â€Å"to a greater extent than 30 years of research has produced a tree trunk of evidence that clearly demonstrates that rehabilitation programs work. (Przybylski, 2008, Pg 2). Juvenile fetch up Offenders and Juvenile Justice Intervention Strategy A juvenile depend upon offender is described as a youth who has been convicted of a bring up crime which may include rape, sodomy, fondling, or other coerce cozy act. (Listwan, 2013). Numerous people believe that society should throw away the key on these juvenile sex offenders. â€Å"Sex offenders are often pose on the lowest rung of the criminal pecking order†meaning that most people feel that sex offenders are the worst of the worst. ” (Listwan, 2013, Sec 9. 4).In some cases, if a child does not receive the proper rede needed, they can grow up committing the same acts of violence which were bestowed on them. For instance, â€Å"violence becomes a learned problem-solving technique transmitted from one generation to the next in a phenomenon known as the cycle of violence. ” (Collica & Furst, 2012, Sec 7. 1) . If a youth does end up committing this act of violence, they are first adjudicated by the court system and will receive their sentencing. A judge will either send them to a treatment facility or else may send them to a detention center depending on the age of the juvenile.All judges seem to believe that family structure and prior record are almost equally important factors in determining offenders likelihood of rehabilitation. (DAngelo, 2010). There are many treatment facilities which deal limitedally with juvenile sex offenders. Psychologists are becoming more optimistic in the treatment of sex offenders. â€Å"First, they believe that the most effective preventatives, or treatment methods, are those that follow the principles of risk, need, and responsivity (RNR). ” (Bartol & Bartol, 2011, Pg 403).Other treatment which appears to be palmy is cognitive behavioral therapy which shapes the behavior as well as thinking pattern in offenders. This therapy teaches juveni les on their thinking pattern on some situation and how that can influence their actions in some situations. â€Å"Cognitive behavior therapy argues that maladaptive sexual behaviors are learned according to the same rules as sane sexual behavior, by means of classical and/or instrumental conditioning, modeling, reinforcement, generalization, and punishment. ” (Bartol & Bartol, 2011, Pg 404).A great deal of studies suggests that cognitive behavior therapy appears to be the best treatment in cut recidivism amongst juvenile delinquents whether this include sexual offences or any other type of offences. Juveniles who complete a cognitive-behavioral program are less likely to commit sexual or any re-offenses than are juveniles who do not receive treatment, receive an alternative treatment, or do not complete treatment. (Przybylski, 2008, Pg 53). Multisystemic therapy (MST) is also a successful treatment approach for serious juvenile offenders.This therapy option addresses the cognitive and systemic factors such as family, peers, as well as school which are associated with risk factors. The juvenile, counselor as well as the family work together. In a study conducted, â€Å"The entropy showed that MST participants had significantly lower recidivism rates at follow-up than did those participants who acquire individual therapy (50% vs. 81%, respectively). Recidivism, depending on the study, refers to re-arrest, reconviction, or captivity after an initial juvenile arrest, conviction, or incarceration. (Bartol & Bartol, 2011, Pg 168). In conjugation Carolina, there is a successful handling program called Sexual Abuse Intervention Services. This program is located at Barium Spring. This program offers, This program offers, psychosexual evaluation (Sex Offense Specific Evaluation), in-home family therapy, weekly sex offense specific group therapy, individual therapy, individualized safety plans in the home, school and community, case managemen tâ€coordinating and monitoring services, ongoing character reference with juvenile court counselors to monitor client’s reatment progress and status in the home/community, family reunification when appropriate, step-down services for clients who are transitioning back into the community from residential placement. (Foster, 2013). This program believes in treating juvenile sex offenders to reduce recidivism. The program appears to be successful for the fact that many juvenile sex offender clients at a local group home go to this program and none of them have reoffended. Unfortunately, there is no data usable.Juvenile Crime Statistics Different states have different statistics on juvenile offenders. In 2009, 1,906,600 juveniles were arrested for respective(a) types of crimes in the United States. During that year, there were 722,000 youths in Arizona, 1,096,000 in mile, and 971,900 youths in compass north Carolina. (Puzzanchera, Adams, & Kang, 2012). In that same year, Arizona had 52,062 juveniles arrested for various crimes; Michigan had 36,643 juvenile arrested and North Carolina had 48,634 for various crimes.Statistics foretell that in Arizona, 1,366 juveniles were arrested for violent crimes including rape, looting and aggravated misdemeanor and 11,181 were arrested for property crimes including burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson as well as many others. In Michigan there were 2,136 juveniles arrested for violent crimes and 10,993 were arrested for property crimes. North Carolina statistics show that 2,483 juveniles were arrested for violent crimes and 12,766 were arrested for property crime. (Puzzanchera, Adams, & Kang, 2012).The arrest rate in juveniles has steadily diminish from the 1990’s through present time in Arizona, Michigan and North Carolina. ordination would agree that this decrease in crime is in effect(p) to every person in the community. Arizona, Michigan and North Carolina juvenile arrests consi st of every race including White, inglorious, Indian, Asian, Hispanic, as well as many others. Not one particular race committed any acts of violence, but kinda all races. For instance, in Arizona, 10,259 White juveniles committed violent crimes and 34,070 committed property crimes. ,465 Black juveniles committed violent crimes and 3,191 committed property crimes including drug charges. 5,016 Hispanic juveniles committed violent crimes and 15,388 committed property crimes. (Halliday, 2011). In Michigan, violent crime data indicates that nine Black juveniles committed murders and one White committed murder. 476 cruddy juveniles were arrested for aggravated assault, 418 arrests for White juveniles, and 12 arrests of Hispanic juveniles. (Elam, Siemon & Fitzpatrick, 2012).As for robbery in Michigan, 384 were Black juveniles, whereas 39 were White and six were Hispanic juveniles. Property crimes such as theft show that 3,131 arrests were White juveniles, 2,241 arrests were Black juveniles and 151 were Hispanic juveniles. (Elam, Siemon & Fitzpatrick, 2012). For burglary crimes, there were 630 arrests of White juveniles, 651 arrests of Black juveniles and 29 arrests of Hispanic juveniles. In North Carolina, the statistics are different than Arizona as well as Michigan. The state of North Carolina analyzes their data according to class felonies.For instance, in 2009 the juvenile arrest rate for Black juveniles with a class A-E felony which includes, murder, rape, sexual assault, manslaughter, drug crimes, sexual battery, robbery as well as others was 485 juveniles. (NCDJJ, 2010). There were 226 White juveniles convicted of a class A-E felony and 28 Hispanic. In the class F-I felony which includes property crimes, the data indicated 4,816 Black juveniles were arrested, 2,837 White juveniles were arrested as well as 1,670 Hispanics were arrested. (NCDJJ, 2010).Males along with females both account for crimes committed on adult as well as juvenile levels. N umerous people believe that males make up arrest statistics, but females contribute to these arrests. For instance, in the state of Arizona, 16,943 females were arrested in 2009. 34,659 juvenile males were arrested that same year. The female juveniles accounted for 4,611 violent crimes and 12,332 property crimes. 7,804 arrests were made for violent crimes amongst males and 26, 855 for property crimes. (Halliday, 2011).In Michigan, juvenile females accounted for 6,484 arrests in 2009. Male arrest rates were much higher at 14,814. (Elam, Siemon & Fitzpatrick, 2012). â€Å"The number of arrests statewide decreased for both male and female juveniles surrounded by 2005 and 2009, with violent crimes by females decreasing more slightly than violent crimes by males. ” (Elam, Siemon & Fitzpatrick, 2012, Pg 43). In 2009, there were 2,734 juvenile females arrested for larceny theft as well as 2,894 juvenile males arrested for larceny theft.Unfortunately, there was no data ava ilable for juvenile gender arrests except that all arrests made were 75% male juveniles. (NCDJJ, 2010). Different states have different age freewheels on who commits an act of violence. Unfortunately, not all states have data on the age ranges for youths such as Arizona. In Michigan, for instance, 86 percent of arrests for sex offences were between the ages of 13 through 16. (Elam, Siemon & Fitzpatrick, 2012). In 2009, juveniles between the age of seven through 10, 276 were arrested which represented 1. percent of total arrests that year. (Elam, Siemon & Fitzpatrick, 2012). In North Carolina, 3. 11 uncurbed rates per 1,000 between the ages of six to 17 were arrested. The delinquent Rate per 1,000 between the ages of six to 15 was 29. 14 in 2009. (NCDJJ, 2010). State Treatment both state has different treatment options for juveniles. Most states offer teen courts for juvenile delinquents. For instance, in Arizona, â€Å"Teen Court hears the matter and determines an appr opriate, constructive consequence, using established guidelines. (Starky, 2012). These constructive consequences range from community service hours, restitution, a letter of apology, counseling, tutoring, research papers, educational classes, skill-building classes, as well as a few others. Arizona also offers early intervention programs such as Court Unified hooky Suppression Program, Families in Need of Services, Drug pastime Program, as well as School golosh Program. The state of Michigan also tries early intervention as well as treatment programs for their juvenile delinquents.For instance, Michigan currently has three rehabilitation facilities which concenter on therapy as well as narrow down treatment programs. Unfortunately, Michigan cut their budget on treatment facilities from 2000 which had approximately 10 facilities. This state offers early intervention programs one in particular called Juvenile Accountability Block Grants JABG program. This programs mission is to â €Å"Reduce juvenile offending through accountability-based programs focused on juvenile offenders and the juvenile justice system. ” (DHS, 2013).North Carolina also prefers treatment instead of punishment. â€Å"The Division offers services for youth by establishing and maintaining a seamless comprehensive juvenile justice system that promotes juvenile delinquency prevention, intervention and treatment. ” (NCDPS, 2012). North Carolina juvenile justice system focuses to strengthen families, promote delinquency prevention, support core social institutions, intervene immediately and effectively when delinquent behavior occurs and identify and control the small group of serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders in the local communities. NCDPS, 2012). North Carolina offers many facilities for juveniles around the state and a great deal of these facilities includes crime specific treatment. When juveniles are adjudicated and once they are released they may stay fresh on the same path and commit other crimes. Often times, juveniles will continue with this circle and end up back in juvenile detention centers or on probation. The Arizona Department of Juvenile corrections had a 12 month recidivism rate of 34. 1percent for juveniles released during 2008.The number dropped from 2006 which indicated there was a 48 percent recidivism rate. (ADJC, 2010). In Michigan, the recidivism rate measured by a felony conviction was 22 percent at two years after release during 2004. The number dropped from the introductory year at 24 percent. â€Å"Recidivism rates were higher for minority youths than for white youths. ” (MDHS, 2013). In 2004 in North Carolina, the recidivism rate for juvenile delinquents was 26. 7 percent. (Beck, Calhoun, Hevener & Katzenelson, 2007). Arizona appears to have the highest recidivism rate in all three states. TheoriesThere is no exact evidence which addresses juvenile delinquency but a mixture of biologic, psychologic al and sociological. The biological speculation explains that physical attributes as well as genetic endowment may lead a juvenile to commit crimes. â€Å"Biological explanations of behavior focus on biological properties of an individual, including the individuals genetic background, structural damage in the brain, or the agency of various chemicals in the nervous system. ” (Wilson, 2012, Sec 1. 5). Heredity also plays a major role in behavior and criminal actions are believed to have run down in the family. Hereditary explanations of motive hold that criminality in some families is hereditary, and that deviance is genetically encoded in those born into the family group. ” (Martin, 2005, Pg 76). Research believes that hormones may have an impact on people committing crimes such as higher testosterone. â€Å"Studies find that men with high levels of testosterone are more likely to be aggressive. more than importantly, studies find that hormones can impact the brain , making individuals less sensitive to stimuli, so they in turn look to out more thrilling situations to stimulate their brain. (Listwan, 2013, Sec 3. 4). Another indicator could include the environment the juvenile resides. Environment can play a all-important(a) role such a brain development, depression, anxiety, hostility as well as hyperactivity. Numerous people believe that the environment plays a significant role on behavior which can be cauline from parents raising their children. â€Å" deplorables and delinquents are stimulated (reinforced) by their environment to continue acting out defiantly until they are punished in some manner. ” (Martin, 2005, Pg 81).With this being said, when a juvenile is rewarded for their deviance, and receive no punishment or treatment for breaking the law, they will continue to do so until they are adjudicated. Psychological theory which is also the personality theory suggests that there is a relationship between crime and personality. â€Å"Juvenile delinquents and adult criminals are, according to psychoanalytic theory, persons without sufficiently developed egos and superegos. If the moralistic superego is weak, a person can easily act out on his or her primal urges without remorse (an unchecked id), and mislabel deviance as acceptable behavior. (Martin, 2005, Pg 80). Another theory under the psychological theory is the conditioning theory. This luck explains that a person’s future behavior is conditioned by his or her past experiences. The interrelationships between individuals, socioeconomic groups, social processes, and societal structures are known as the sociological theory. It is believes that a lower existent class has a higher crime rate. â€Å"The UCR shows that there is a class crime relationship, meaning crime rates are higher among those who are lower in class areas. (Listwan, 2013, Sec 3. 5). For instance, in many lower class areas, parents work to support their family, thus in return yo uths do not have any supervision. The youths in light of the freedom, tend to get into trouble. For instance, in Gladwin County in Michigan indicates this is the one of Michigan’s counties with the highest number of juvenile poverty rate which is over 29 percent. This county also has the state’s highest juvenile arrest rate. With this being said, socioeconomic considerations have an impact on the influences in juvenile delinquency.Treatment There are many treatment options for juveniles which have become readily available. The best type of treatment option would be early intervention. Youths should start young in learning to control their behavior as well as take responsibility for their actions. Numerous people will look at juvenile delinquents and give up on their treatment. They may think that he or she is past the point of rehabilitation. A skilful program that parents should incorporate in their daily lives is called the marvelous geezerhood Series (IYS) Progra m.This program not only works for children who display behavioral or conduct disorders, but also for other children. This program is geared towards children between the ages of two through ten. â€Å"The improbable Years Parents, Teachers, and Children Training Series, is designed to prevent, reduce, and treat conduct problems among children ages 2 to 10 and to increase their social competence. ” (Wilson, 2000, Pg 1). Some goals to reduce conduct problems in children include decreasing negatively charged behaviors and noncompliance with parents at home, decreasing peer infringement and disruptive behaviors in the classroom.Other goals include promoting social, emotional, and donnish competence in children such as increase children’s social skills, increasing children’s understanding of feelings, increasing children’s conflict management skills and decrease negative attributions, as well as increasing academic engagement, school readiness, and coopera tion with teachers. â€Å"A substantial body of research has clearly shown that young children with early-onset behavioral problems are at significantly greater risk of having severe asocial difficulties, academic underachievement, school dropout, violence, and drug abuse in adolescence and adulthood. (Webster-Stratton & Herman, 2010). With this program, all children can have a crime free future. Conclusion In conclusion, treatment options are the ideal way to deal with juvenile delinquency. There are many attributes which take place in dealing with punishment or treatment for juvenile offenders. Most research suggests that treatment is the best options and helps reduce recidivism rate. For juvenile sex offenders, specific treatment helps reduce the likelihood of recidivism especially with cognitive behavior therapy.There are also numerous programs such as the one in North Carolina which deals directly with juvenile sex offenders. The program has a good turn around rate with t he local group home facility. Every state has different data, and while comparing this data opens a person’s eyes as to the crime rate in their community. When people observe this data it gives them an incentive to get out in the community and help these juvenile delinquents. Even though Arizona has the least amount of juvenile arrests, this state has the highest recidivism rate amongst Arizona, Michigan as well as North Carolina.When trying to pin point on why a juvenile acts out, biological, psychological and sociological theories all play a major role. The logical thinking can be from heredity, personality, environment as well as socioeconomic considerations. There are many early intervention programs readily available for youths as well as juvenile delinquents which have already committed a crime. Parent should begin to take an initiative in their children life at an early age to stop the deviant behavior in the future. After all, these children are our future. References : Alexander, M. A. (1999).Sexual offender treatment cleverness revisited. Sexual Abuse: Journal OfResearch And Treatment, 11(2), 101-116. doi:10. 1007/BF02658841. Retrieved fromEBSCOhost Database. Bartol, C. R. , & Bartol, A. M. (2011). Criminal behavior: A pscychological approach (9th ed. ). Upper weight down River: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 9780558591373 Beck, M. , Calhoun, K. , Hevener, G. , & Katzenelson, S. (2007). Juvenile recidivism study. DOI: www. nccourts. org/Courts/CRS/Councils/spac/Documents Collica, K. & Furst, G. (2012). Crime & society. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.Retrieved from Ashford Constellation. DAngelo, J. M. (2002). Juvenile court judges perceptions of what factors affect juvenileoffenders likelihood of rehabilitation. Juvenile & Family Court Journal, 53(3), 43-55. Retrieved from ProQuest Database. Day, A. , Howells, K. , & Rickwood, D. (2004). Current trends in the rehabilitation of juvenileoffenders. Woden, Woden: Australian land of Criminology. Retrieved from ProQuestDatabase. Elam, P. , Siemon, C. , & Fitzpatrick, D. (2012). Michigan’s Statewide Juvenile snitch AnalysisReport. Retrieved from Public http://michigancommitteeonjuvenilejustice. om/sitefiles/files/Documents/2012JuvenileArrestAnalysisReportVol1. pdf Foster, J. (2013). Barium springs, giving hope to children and families. Retrieved fromhttp://www. bariumsprings. org/page. cfm? id=32 Halliday, R. (2011). Arizona department of public safety. Retrieved fromhttp://www. azdps. gov/About/Reports/docs/Crime_In_Arizona_Report_2009. pdf Listwan, S. J. (2013). conception to juvenile justice. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint, Education,Inc. Martin, G. (2005). Juvenile justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. DOI:www. sagepub. com/books/Book226433 MDHS. (2013).Juvenile accountability block grants (jabg). Retrieved fromhttp://www. michigan. gov/dhs/0,4562,7-124-5453_34044_34052-15632â€,00. hypertext mark-up language N CDJJ. (2010). 2009 annual report north carolina department of juvenile justice. Retrievedfrom website:http://www. juvjus. state. nc. us/resources/pdf_documents/annual_report_2009. pdf Pullman, L. , & Seto, M. C. (2012). Assessment and treatment of adolescent sexual offenders:Implications of recent research on generalist versus specialiser explanations. Child Abuse& Neglect, 36(3), 203-209. doi:10. 1016/j. chiabu. 2011. 11. 003. Retrieved fromEBSCOhost Database. Puzzanchera, C. nd Adams, B. (2012). Juvenile Arrests 2009. Office of Juvenile Justice andDelinquency Prevention. Retrieved from http://www. ojjdp. gov Starky, C. (2012). Teen courts: Juvenile probation. Retrieved fromhttp://www. superiorcourt. maricopa. gov/JuvenileProbation/Probation/teenCourt. asp Wilson, J. F. (2012). Introduction to biological psychology. San Diego, CA: BridgepointEducation, Inc. Webster-Stratton, C. , & Herman, K. C. (2010). Disseminating Incredible Years Series earlyintervention programs : Integrating and sustaining services between school and home. Psychology In The Schools, 47(1), 36-54.\r\n'